Woncheuk’s Interpretation Method for the Concept of “Icchantika”
- De-Yu Yang
- 2023年10月
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Summary
East Asian Buddhism has a predominant view on the topic of soteriology, that is, “all sentient beings, including icchantikas, can achieve Buddhahood,” or “jiecheng shuo.” Over the past century, Woncheuk’s philosophy of Yogâcāra has also been commonly classified under this type of viewpoint by scholars. According to Jieshenmi Jing Shu, the cornerstones supporting the ontology of jiecheng shuo are: Buddha-nature and the supranormal powers of the tathāgata. The cornerstones are derived from two core documents: Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra and Laṅkāvatāra‐sūtra. In this study, the former is termed “the thesis of icchantika being endowed with Buddha-nature” and the latter “the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata.” These two models are comparable to the wings of jiecheng shuo. During the past few decades, scholars have begun to reflect on the classification of Woncheuk’s Yogâcāra philosophy under jiecheng shuo. Some studies have challenged “the thesis of icchantika being endowed with Buddha-nature.” On the contrary, no research to date has expounded views on “the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata” in this regard. In this study, the following approach was adopted: Woncheuk’s interpretation model for icchantika was investigated under the tension of “the thesis of supranormal powers of the tathāgata.” The purpose of this study is to explicate the ontological relationship between “supranormal powers of the tathagata” and “agotra-sattva (sentient beings without Buddha-gotra).” The conclusion is: In respect of Buddhist soteriology, Woncheuk, under the influence of Xuanzang’s translations, transferred causes of nirvāṇa from “supranormal powers of the tathāgata” to “originally present untainted seeds.” The concepts of icchantika and wu‐xing (sentient beings without Buddha-nature) among others have been evolved to have multi-level connotations over the course of East Asian Buddhism development.